#آزمون hprt#jsj احقف#آزمون احقف#آزمون hprt#تست احقف#تست سمیت ژنی hprt#آزمون سمیت ژنی hprt#آزمون سمیت ژنتیکی hprt#تست سمیت ژنتیکی hprt#سمیت ژنتیکی اچ پی ار تی#hprt tests#سمیت ژنی اچ پی ار تی#آزمون سمیت ژنی اچ پی آر تی#تست سمیت ژنتیکی اچ پی آر تی#Salvage Pathway#de-novo#6-thioguanine (TG)#the in vitro mammalian cell gene mutation test#تست سمیت ژنی به روش hprt#تست سمیت ژنتیکی به روش hprt#تست hprt#آزمون hprt

تست سمیت ژنتیکی با استفاده از ژن HPRT   

• آزمون HPRT به منظور تخمین اثر جهش زایی یک ماده، توانایی تشکیل کلنی لاین سلولی CHO با افزودن 6-thioguanine (TG) به محیط کشت سلول را بررسی می کند.
• مواد جهش زا باعث ایجاد جهش رو به جلو در ژن کد کننده آنزیم هیپوگزانتین-گوانین-فسفریبوزیل ترانسفراز (HPRT) می شود.
• جهش در این ژن منجر به بیان نادرست توالی آنزیم و در نتیجه از دست دادن عملکرد آن می شود که برای سنتز نوکلئوتیدها از طریق مسیر نجات (Salvage pathway) ضروری است.
• سلول ها می توانند نوکلئوتیدها را از طریق بیوسنتز de-novo یا از طریق مسیرهای بازیافت صرفه جویی در انرژی (Salvage Pathway) با استفاده از بازهای آزاد (مانند آدنین، گوانین) بدست آورند.
• سلول‌های CHO با ژن hprt دست‌نخورده، آنالوگ پایه پورین سمی (TG) را از طریق مسیر نجات به DNA خود وارد می‌کنند که منجر به مهار متابولیسم سلولی و سمیت سلولی می‌شود.
• از دست دادن عملکرد آنزیم HPRT به دلیل جهش، منجر به افزایش سنتز de-novo می شود زیرا مسیر Salvage حذف می شود و سلول‌های CHO آسیب‌دیده قادر به ترکیب TG سمی در DNA نیستند، بنابراین سلول های جهش یافته می توانند در حضور TG تکثیر شوند، در حالی که سلول های طبیعی که حاوی HPRT هستند، این گونه نیستند و ازبین خواهند رفت.

#آزمون hprt#jsj احقف#آزمون احقف#آزمون hprt#تست احقف#تست سمیت ژنی hprt#آزمون سمیت ژنی hprt#آزمون سمیت ژنتیکی hprt#تست سمیت ژنتیکی hprt#سمیت ژنتیکی اچ پی ار تی#hprt tests#سمیت ژنی اچ پی ار تی#آزمون سمیت ژنی اچ پی آر تی#تست سمیت ژنتیکی اچ پی آر تی#Salvage Pathway#de-novo#6-thioguanine (TG)#the in vitro mammalian cell gene mutation test#تست سمیت ژنی به روش hprt#تست سمیت ژنتیکی به روش hprt#تست hprt#آزمون hprt

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استاندارد های زیست سازگاری | References

ISO 10993-1: Biological Evaluation of Medical Devices – Evaluation and testing within a risk management process.

ISO 10993-2: Biological Evaluation of Medical Devices – Animal welfare requirements.

ISO 10993-3: Biological Evaluation of Medical Devices – Tests for genotoxicity, carcinogenicity and reproductive toxicity.

ISO 10993-4: Biological Evaluation of Medical Devices – Selection of tests for interactions with blood.

ISO 10993-5: Biological Evaluation of Medical Devices – Tests for in vitro cytotoxicity.

ISO 10993-6: Biological Evaluation of Medical Devices – Tests for local effects after implantation.

ISO 10993-7: Biological Evaluation of Medical Devices – Ethylene oxide sterilization residuals.

ISO 10993-8: Biological Evaluation of Medical Devices – Selection and qualification of reference materials for biological tests.

ISO 10993-9: Biological Evaluation of Medical Devices – Framework for identification and quantification of potential degradation products.

ISO 10993-10: Biological Evaluation of Medical Devices – Tests for skin sensitization.

ISO 10993-11: Biological Evaluation of Medical Devices – Tests for systemic toxicity.

ISO 10993-12: Biological Evaluation of Medical Devices – Sample preparation and reference materials.

ISO 10993-13: Biological Evaluation of Medical Devices – Identification and quantification of degradation products from polymeric medical devices.

ISO 10993-14: Biological Evaluation of Medical Devices – Identification and quantification of degradation products from ceramics.

ISO 10993-15: Biological Evaluation of Medical Devices – Identification and quantification of degradation products from metals and alloys.

ISO 10993-16: Biological Evaluation of Medical Devices – Toxicokinetic study design for degradation products and leachables.

ISO 10993-17: Biological Evaluation of Medical Devices – Toxicological risk assessment of medical device constituents.

ISO 10993-18: Biological Evaluation of Medical Devices – Chemical characterization of medical device materials within a risk management process.

ISO 10993-19: Biological Evaluation of Medical Devices – Physico-chemical, morphological and topographical characterization of materials.

ISO 10993-20: Biological Evaluation of Medical Devices – Principles and methods for immunotoxicology testing of medical devices.

ISO 10993-22: Biological Evaluation of Medical Devices – Guidance on nanomaterials.

ISO 10993-23: Biological Evaluation of Medical Devices – Tests for irritation.

OECD Test No. 401: Guidelines for the Testing of Chemicals – Acute Oral Toxicity.

OECD Test No. 402: Guidelines for the Testing of Chemicals – Acute Dermal Toxicity.

OECD Test No. 403: Guidelines for the Testing of Chemicals – Acute Inhalation Toxicity.

OECD Test No. 404: Guidelines for the Testing of Chemicals – Acute Dermal Irritation/Corrosion.

OECD Test No. 405: Guidelines for the Testing of Chemicals – Acute Eye Irritation/Corrosion.

OECD Test No. 406: Guidelines for the Testing of Chemicals – Skin Sensitisation.

OECD Test No. 407: Guidelines for the Testing of Chemicals – Repeated Dose 28-day Oral Toxicity Study in Rodents.

OECD Test No. 408: Guidelines for the Testing of Chemicals – Repeated Dose 90-Day Oral Toxicity Study in Rodents.

OECD Test No. 409: Guidelines for the Testing of Chemicals – Repeated Dose 90-Day Oral Toxicity Study in Non-Rodents.

OECD Test No. 410: Guidelines for the Testing of Chemicals – Repeated Dose Dermal Toxicity: 21/28-day Study.

OECD Test No. 411: Guidelines for the Testing of Chemicals – Subchronic Dermal Toxicity: 90-day Study.

OECD Test No. 412: Guidelines for the Testing of Chemicals – Subacute Inhalation Toxicity: 28-Day Study.

OECD Test No. 413: Guidelines for the Testing of Chemicals – Subchronic Inhalation Toxicity: 90-day Study.

OECD Test No. 414: Guidelines for the Testing of Chemicals – Prenatal Developmental Toxicity Study.

OECD Test No. 415: Guidelines for the Testing of Chemicals – One-Generation Reproduction Toxicity Study.

OECD Test No. 416: Guidelines for the Testing of Chemicals – Two-Generation Reproduction Toxicity.

OECD Test No. 417: Guidelines for the Testing of Chemicals – Toxicokinetics.

OECD Test No. 418: Guidelines for the Testing of Chemicals – Delayed Neurotoxicity of Organophosphorus Substances Following Acute Exposure.

OECD Test No. 419: Guidelines for the Testing of Chemicals – Delayed Neurotoxicity of Organophosphorus Substances: 28-day Repeated Dose Study.

OECD Test No. 420: Guidelines for the Testing of Chemicals – Acute Oral Toxicity – Fixed Dose Procedure.

OECD Test No. 421: Guidelines for the Testing of Chemicals – Reproduction/Developmental Toxicity Screening Test.

OECD Test No. 422: Guidelines for the Testing of Chemicals – Combined Repeated Dose Toxicity Study with the Reproduction/Developmental Toxicity Screening Test.

OECD Test No. 423: Guidelines for the Testing of Chemicals – Acute Oral toxicity – Acute Toxic Class Method.

OECD Test No. 424: Guidelines for the Testing of Chemicals – Neurotoxicity Study in Rodents.

OECD Test No. 425: Guidelines for the Testing of Chemicals – Acute Oral Toxicity: Up-and-Down Procedure.

OECD Test No. 426: Guidelines for the Testing of Chemicals – Developmental Neurotoxicity Study.

OECD Test No. 427: Guidelines for the Testing of Chemicals – Skin Absorption: In Vivo Method.

OECD Test No. 428: Guidelines for the Testing of Chemicals – Skin Absorption: In Vitro Method.

OECD Test No. 429: Guidelines for the Testing of Chemicals – Skin Sensitisation.

OECD Test No. 430: Guidelines for the Testing of Chemicals – In Vitro Skin Corrosion: Transcutaneous Electrical Resistance Test Method (TER).

OECD Test No. 431: Guidelines for the Testing of Chemicals – In vitro skin corrosion: reconstructed human epidermis (RHE) test method.

OECD Test No. 432: Guidelines for the Testing of Chemicals – In Vitro 3T3 NRU Phototoxicity Test.

OECD Test No. 433: Guidelines for the Testing of Chemicals – Acute Inhalation Toxicity: Fixed Concentration Procedure.

OECD Test No. 434: Guidelines for the Testing of Chemicals – Acute Dermal Toxicity – Fixed Dose Procedure.

OECD Test No. 435: Guidelines for the Testing of Chemicals – In Vitro Membrane Barrier Test Method for Skin Corrosion.

OECD Test No. 436: Guidelines for the Testing of Chemicals – Acute Inhalation Toxicity – Acute Toxic Class Method.

OECD Test No. 437: Guidelines for the Testing of Chemicals – Bovine Corneal Opacity and Permeability Test Method for Identifying i) Chemicals Inducing Serious Eye Damage and ii) Chemicals Not Requiring Classification for Eye Irritation or Serious Eye Damage.

OECD Test No. 438: Isolated Chicken Eye Test Method for Identifying i) Chemicals Inducing Serious Eye Damage and ii) Chemicals Not Requiring Classification for Eye Irritation or Serious Eye Damage.

OECD Test No. 439: Guidelines for the Testing of Chemicals – In Vitro Skin Irritation: Reconstructed Human Epidermis Test Method.

OECD Test No. 440: Guidelines for the Testing of Chemicals – Uterotrophic Bioassay in Rodents.

OECD Test No. 441: Guidelines for the Testing of Chemicals – Hershberger Bioassay in Rats.

OECD Test No. 442A: Guidelines for the Testing of Chemicals – Skin Sensitization – Local Lymph Node Assay: DA.

OECD Test No. 442B: Guidelines for the Testing of Chemicals – Skin Sensitization – Local Lymph Node Assay: BrdU-ELISA or –FCM.

OECD Test No. 442C: Guidelines for the Testing of Chemicals – In Chemico Skin Sensitisation – Assays addressing the Adverse Outcome Pathway key event on covalent binding to proteins.

OECD Test No. 442D: Guidelines for the Testing of Chemicals – In Vitro Skin Sensitisation – ARE-Nrf2 Luciferase Test Method.

OECD Test No. 442E: Guidelines for the Testing of Chemicals – 442E: In Vitro Skin Sensitisation – In Vitro Skin Sensitisation assays addressing the Key Event on activation of dendritic cells on the Adverse Outcome Pathway for Skin Sensitisation.

OECD Test No. 443: Guidelines for the Testing of Chemicals – Extended One-Generation Reproductive Toxicity Study.

OECD Test No. 451: Guidelines for the Testing of Chemicals – Carcinogenicity Studies.

OECD Test No. 452: Guidelines for the Testing of Chemicals – Chronic Toxicity Studies.

OECD Test No. 453: Guidelines for the Testing of Chemicals – Combined Chronic Toxicity/Carcinogenicity Studies.

OECD Test No. 455: Guidelines for the Testing of Chemicals – Performance-Based Test Guideline for Stably Transfected Transactivation In Vitro Assays to Detect Estrogen Receptor Agonists and Antagonists.

OECD Test No. 456: Guidelines for the Testing of Chemicals – H295R Steroidogenesis Assay.

OECD Test No. 457: Guidelines for the Testing of Chemicals – BG1Luc Estrogen Receptor Transactivation Test Method for Identifying Estrogen Receptor Agonists and Antagonists.

OECD Test No. 458: Guidelines for the Testing of Chemicals – Stably Transfected Human Androgen Receptor Transcriptional Activation Assay for Detection of Androgenic Agonist and Antagonist Activity of Chemicals.

OECD Test No. 460: Guidelines for the Testing of Chemicals – Fluorescein Leakage Test Method for Identifying Ocular Corrosives and Severe Irritants.

OECD Test No. 471: Guidelines for the Testing of Chemicals – Bacterial Reverse Mutation Test.

OECD Test No. 473: Guidelines for the Testing of Chemicals – In Vitro Mammalian Chromosomal Aberration Test.

OECD Test No. 474: Guidelines for the Testing of Chemicals – Mammalian Erythrocyte Micronucleus Test.

OECD Test No. 475: Guidelines for the Testing of Chemicals – Mammalian Bone Marrow Chromosomal Aberration Test.

OECD Test No. 476: Guidelines for the Testing of Chemicals – In Vitro Mammalian Cell Gene Mutation Tests using the Hprt and xprt genes.

OECD Test No. 477: Guidelines for the Testing of Chemicals – Genetic Toxicology: Sex-Linked Recessive Lethal Test in Drosophila melanogaster.

OECD Test No. 478: Guidelines for the Testing of Chemicals – Rodent Dominant Lethal Test.

OECD Test No. 479: Guidelines for the Testing of Chemicals – Genetic Toxicology: In vitro Sister Chromatid Exchange Assay in Mammalian Cells.

OECD Test No. 480: Guidelines for the Testing of Chemicals – Genetic Toxicology: Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Gene Mutation Assay.

OECD Test No. 481: Guidelines for the Testing of Chemicals – Genetic Toxicology: Saacharomyces cerevisiae, Miotic Recombination Assay.

OECD Test No. 482: Guidelines for the Testing of Chemicals – Genetic Toxicology: DNA Damage and Repair, Unscheduled DNA Synthesis in Mammalian Cells in vitro.

OECD Test No. 483: Guidelines for the Testing of Chemicals – Mammalian Spermatogonial Chromosomal Aberration Test.

OECD Test No. 484: Guidelines for the Testing of Chemicals – Genetic Toxicology: Mouse Spot Test.

OECD Test No. 485: Guidelines for the Testing of Chemicals – Genetic toxicology, Mouse Heritable Translocation Assay.

OECD Test No. 486: Guidelines for the Testing of Chemicals – Unscheduled DNA Synthesis (UDS) Test with Mammalian Liver Cells in vivo.

OECD Test No. 487: Guidelines for the Testing of Chemicals – In Vitro Mammalian Cell Micronucleus Test.

OECD Test No. 488: Guidelines for the Testing of Chemicals – Transgenic Rodent Somatic and Germ Cell Gene Mutation Assays.

OECD Test No. 489: Guidelines for the Testing of Chemicals – In Vivo Mammalian Alkaline Comet Assay.

OECD Test No. 490: Guidelines for the Testing of Chemicals – In Vitro Mammalian Cell Gene Mutation Tests Using the Thymidine Kinase Gene.

OECD Test No. 491: Guidelines for the Testing of Chemicals – Short Time Exposure In Vitro Test Method for Identifying i) Chemicals Inducing Serious Eye Damage and ii) Chemicals Not Requiring Classification for Eye Irritation or Serious Eye Damage.

OECD Test No. 492: Guidelines for the Testing of Chemicals – Reconstructed human Cornea-like Epithelium (RhCE) test method for identifying chemicals not requiring classification and labelling for eye irritation or serious eye damage.

OECD Test No. 493: Guidelines for the Testing of Chemicals – Performance-Based Test Guideline for Human Recombinant Estrogen Receptor (hrER) In Vitro Assays to Detect Chemicals with ER Binding Affinity.

OECD Test No. 494: Guidelines for the Testing of Chemicals – Vitrigel-Eye Irritancy Test Method for Identifying Chemicals Not Requiring Classification and Labelling for Eye Irritation or Serious Eye Damage.

OECD Test No. 495: Guidelines for the Testing of Chemicals – Ros (Reactive Oxygen Species) Assay for Photoreactivity.

OECD Test No. 496: Guidelines for the Testing of Chemicals – In vitro Macromolecular Test Method for Identifying Chemicals Inducing Serious Eye Damage and Chemicals Not Requiring Classification for Eye Irritation or Serious Eye Damage.

OECD Test No. 497: Guidelines for the Testing of Chemicals – Defined Approaches on Skin Sensitisation.

OECD Test No. 498: Guidelines for the Testing of Chemicals – In vitro Phototoxicity – Reconstructed Human Epidermis Phototoxicity test method.

OECD Test No. 19: Guidance Document on the Recognition, Assessment and Use of Clinical Signs as Humane Endpoints for Experimental Animals Used in Safety Evaluation. Environmental Health and Safety Monograph Series on Testing and Assessment.

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